Paul Demange

A woman managed to leave the man she hated and finds its difficult to live without him.

In Vendée, an old farmer is gradually abandoned by his family who do not see their future in the fields. Only a cripple in love and abandoned...

The duel between a Czarist general and a lieutenant, over the general's wife, is postponed with war approaching. Years later, the rivals meet again...

A teenager becomes fixated on a painting of the handsome suitor who died in a duel for her grandmother's love. On her sixteenth birthday, her father...

Documents relevant to National Defence have been concealed in a certain vase by a dangerous gang of robbers. To neutralize the criminals, a seasoned...

Jacques Tati plays a French postman adamant to prove he can be just as fast as American postmen at delivering mail.

Jules Pinson, photographer in a small provincial village is in love with Annette, the daughter of the grocer. She 's dreaming only heros of adventure...

Two unemployed musicians dress up as women to be hired by an all -female orchestra "Tulips from Holland"; they fall in love with two gorgeous...

Abandoned kids are taken in by a rather sleazy character who owns a shoe store and practices wear. The children grow up, the man dies and leaves them...

A woman of easy virtue rejects a proposal of marriage made to her by a rich lover. But when her son is taken from her to be brought up in the best...

Marguerite and Verdurin, both employed in l'Atout Prix, a store run by Prosper Biscoton, would like to take a vacation at the beach, but they need...

Catherine Vidal is a featherbrained wife who imagines that her husband cheats on her. To wash away the alleged stigma, Catherine hires a young man...

Narcisse is a doorman for a jeweler but dreams of becoming a private detective. The Criminas agency hires him and he comes to the aid of his former...

Raymond Corbier, a sculptor, has a wonderful wife, Sylvia, whom he adores. To save a passionate admirer who simulates suicide because she does not...

Sentenced to 20 years after killing a colleague for revealing that his wife was unfaithful, Sourdier escapes hoping to kill the woman as well.He...

A reveler who has experienced setbacks tries to become unemployed without ever having worked.

A businessman, Masson, who likes to party, wants to force his partner, Chabrat, a hard worker on whom the success of their fashion store depends, not...

The wife of a Marseille industrialist is murdered. An inspector and a young journalist investigate together, and suspect the husband, then the lover,...

An adventurer poses as a prince and tries to take rich and pretty Dolly away from the man she loves by stirring up trouble.Heartbroken, Dolly is...

Claude is a young man whose girlfriend has just broken up with him. Feeling unable to overcome the pain, Claude has no other idea than to end his...

In the middle of the 19th century, Tsar Alexander II made the acquaintance of a young aristocratic girl from the provinces, unruly in character. He...

The romantic relationship between a sports journalist and a cyclist during the Tour de France.

The son of two teachers hits the road and becomes a singing success after being taken in as a protege by a kooky countess.

A middle-aged Parisian lawyer meets a young girl and falls in love with her. The girl's mother discovers the affair and the couple must flee.

"Les Trois Valses" traces the love story of two people over three eras. In the first waltz (music based on Johann Strauss I), Yvonne is a sensitive...

A former colonial official lives far from Paris with a dry cousin who pays attention to his heritage. He never took care of his son, married to a...

Eusèbe Bonbonneau, a solicitor's clerk, learns one day that a candidate bearing his name runs for election as a member of parliament. In fact...

A film based upon the life of Vidocq, the famous adventurer, who, after numerous prison escapes ceased being a crook, a thief and a counterfeiter,...

A wealthy man's wife dies in a car crash; she is survived by him and their daughter. The father learns that he's not her biological father.

On a rainy night, eccentric tramp Mr. La Souris finds a corpse. But the body soon vanishes in his car leaving only his wallet. While the police start...

A young American businessman, tired of his hectic life, makes an unexpected inheritance which leads him to Normandy. There he discovers, with the...

In 1914, in the first months of World War I, Louise Jarraud loses her husband, killed on the front. Shortly after, she gives birth to a baby, who...

Some, like Ravier de l'Orne are born... masters, but ,like him, do not live up to their rank. Others, like Gustave Morillon, are... born masters,...

Maurice loves Juliet and Michael loves Lily. Romance blossoms on the hill. They are workers, artisans, and Lily has a real talent as a singer. But...

A gang of broke student musicians travel to Paris to take exams. But very quickly, the lack of money pushes young people to pass themselves off as...

Antoine Mouret, an authoritarian restaurateur, is the head of a large family where, for reasons of interest, people only marry cousins. But some have...

Cambo, a banker, has been in trouble since a certain Parizot has tried to extort stocks from him. Following the advice of his friend Quincampoix,...

To inherit from his late uncle, Narcisse Pigeon is obliged to pass his pilot's license.

Claude, who temporarily replaces his father at the head of a department store, falls in love at first sight with a pretty female customer. He finds...

A colonial wife carries on an affair with a French officer, but the wife's native servant may have overheard their plan to leave Africa and return to...

A widower is in trouble with money, and has seven daughters to marry. A creditor, a timid suitor, is unable to make up his mind.

The strength of a couple's fascination with airplanes and flight is to the detriment of their family

To teach a lesson to his young wife who dreams of the famous "voiceless singer", a husband enters a radio station and manages to make people...

A rich young man, Pierre Trévoux, has a desire for adventure and boasts of his courage. While he is staying with friends in the countryside,...

An officer, two of his comrades and a social worker want to create the "Carrefour", a place for lost children and teens to give them a chance not to...

A sporty and chivalrous young man creates, with some comrades, a society whose goal is to protect honest people against rogues. He finds himself...

In order to engage in life experiences, Christine takes the civil status of her three sisters to marry as many times.

In 1939, in a maternity ward, a young man visits his mistress who has just given birth to a little girl. He tells her that he is married and that for...

Sylvio, a successful singer, has found a way to take a peaceful vacation, safe from his female adulators: to travel incognito. He puts up at an old...

In Flanders in the eighteenth century, Ramon de Ortila, a young lord who has been dispossessed of property has turned into a gentleman brigand. His...

June 1944, a French town towards the end of the occupation. Following several attacks perpetrated by the resistance, the inhabitants who listen to...

Sylvie, a young woman who believes to be cursed, lives in the town of Carcassonne with her guardian, Mr. Toulzac. He is a retired teacher who wishes...

Roger Laroque, an honest industrialist, is the victim of a criminal machination by Julia de Noirville, his possessive and jealous mistress allied to...

Leaving the station after having caught the last Paris Metro, a man comes to the rescue of a woman who is being assaulted and finds himself drawn...

Désiré Le Sec has just won the "amateur policeman contest" and he is so glad he 's telling all the people around.He is an insure agent...

The agency À Votre Service has the reputation of meeting all needs. This is what Stanislas observes when his uncle replaces his mistress with...

An actress who has just played the part of an old lady says that she would like to grow old like that character did.Sadly, she will not get her wish...

Diavalo is the popular hero of French serials circa 1912. Diana is an actress who falls in love with Diavalo. Diavalo is forced to wear a series of...

This is the story of two brothers: the good one, the virtuous gent, an acclaimed singer, and the bad one who leads a wild life.

Emile is a French film producer at the beginning of the century. One of his friends leaves his daughter Lucette in his house, when he is starting a...

In a town on the banks of the Saône1 Grasalard, a butcher, likes to feast and play boules with his friends. Although married, he falls in love...

The story of the Swiss soldier, Henri Dunant, who was responsible for the founding of the Red Cross, and who was offered the first Nobel Peace Prize.

The life of Vincent de Paul, the 17th-century author and priest who founded two religious orders.

André Garnier, a young pianist, who was sent to deportation following a denunciation, absolutely wants to find his informer. He falls in love...

Gaston Bernod is a Parisian bus driver. Honest, upright and hard-working, he is held in high esteem by his superiors. Gaston has always pampered...

April fools in a studio where a radio host pretends to shoot dead all the performers....till a true crime occurs.

Léontine, an old baroness, opposes her granddaughter's wedding for moral reasons. But Adolphe, her first husband reminds her that her own...

Claude Géraudy, a banker responsible for a financial scandal, is forced to flee and hides in the mountains with the help of Manu, a young...

Being born a witch's daughter did not bode well for your future in the Middle Ages. Guillaumette tries to stay on the straight and narrow with a...

The City of Hope is the place where left-behind artists subsist by scraping by. When one of them is accused of murder, all try to find the real...

Envoi de Fleurs is based on incidents in the life of French composer Paul Delmet. Played by popular French singing star Tino Rossi, Delmet is...

Duped by a pretty woman who uses him to smuggle a suitcase containing the proceeds of a theft through the station, an honest fellow understands...

To find the heritage of his friend Catherine's ancestors, the leaping Bibi Fricotin, helped by the seer Fatma, goes through a thousand funny or...

While he was about to end his life, Baron de Cantenac wanted to return one last time to the land of his ancestors. He then discovers a treasure that...

L'Ange rouge is a cabaret run by a former mobster with his friend, a singer and dancer he brought back from Argentina. A fleeing gangster takes...

Martine is a young woman of aristocratic origin who does not know the man to whom she is promised. She decides to set up a coup with a schoolteacher...

Young Amélie is currently enjoying life as the kept woman of her reasonably well off boyfriend Étienne. But when Étienne is...

Bert and George Bernard, two American comedians, are asked by a solicitor to trace a rich heiress whose initials are tattooed on one of her thighs....

A typographer makes a mistake by printing the winning number of the national lottery. Many people believe they have won the jackpot. Pursued by his...

Having fallen out with his girlfriend Dolorès, Juanito leaves for Mexico, where he becomes a famous matador.There he meets a Viennese singer,...

Madame Rose runs a seedy hotel in a suburb of Paris. Strong-minded but without the least moral scruple, she once killed her husband whose honesty was...

Léon, André, Christiane and Monique, who all study drama, decide to go camping together. Unfortunately - although unsurprisingly -...

Mr and Mrs Barbezat,Concierges are to marry their only daughter to a butcher's boy. Both the in-laws and the groom have an obsession: come what may,...

A daydreaming French composer sees himself as a fine figure dashing through history.

Rose Chaperon is asked by her confectioner mother Mathilde to bring jewels to her sick grandmother, Madame de Mergrand. But Hugues, the latter's...

In Paris in 1314, the knight Jean Buridan is in love with Mirtille but the young woman is already coveted by the king's brother.

In 1935, in the Burgundian village of Valromey, Commissioner Desbordes was the very unpopular leader of the anti-alcoholic league. His own brother,...

Yesterday night, Lazare Chantoiseau painted the town red. This morning he wakes up with a very unsettling idea in mind: he is sure to have stolen and...

Saul De Tarse is a Roman soldier who is making rough all over. He arrives at the Golgotha when the apostles remove the cross. He ruthlessly...

Two scriptwriters argue about the fate of Henrietta, a charming and gamine shopgirl. One favors a comical path for their heroine, who is overcome...

The rivalry between Albert Gambier, head of the municipal brass band, and the jazz band, led by Jacques Hélian, provokes many comic adventures...

A young journalist, Sylvia, has to interview a writer, Claude Chatel, whose success is due to his misogyny.

Mr Lucas, a grocer, wants to attract the clientele; he imagines a lottery; every week, you can win a bike. It's a big success.

Unfairly accused of her husband's murder, a woman is imprisoned.

An accordionist playing in disreputable halls is mistaken for a gangster by a special envoy from the American crime syndicate in charge of...

Three tramps in search of adventure and fortune decide to try their luck at swindling. After an initial failure at shoplifting, they take over a...

Gilberte is a sixteen year old girl raised by her aunt and grandmother to be a demimondaine. But she's not ready for that yet, and spends her days in...

La Cage aux Folles "The Cage of Madwomen") is a 1973 French farce by Jean Poiret centring on confusion that ensues when Laurent, the son of a Saint...

Four-episode Franco-Italian omnibus film. Four men from different national and cultural background take refuge in a cabin after being sidetracked by...

Originally titled Mademoiselle Striptease, this classic French sex comedy is a charming frolic through luscious Parisian cabarets with outstanding...

Tongues start to wag after a famous Parisian music hall dancer is rushed to hospital after being found poisoned by arsenic at the Concert Mayol.

Envious of a movie star who is staying at the hotel where she works, the waitress Rosette does everything she can to seduce the actress's lover. Some...

Seven directors each dramatize one of the seven deadly sins in a short film. In "Anger," a domestic argument over a fly in the Sunday soup escalates...

Michel Piccoli plays a police inspector whose best friend is murdered on the orders of gang boss Charles Vanel. The inspector knows full well that...

A Russian spy is sent out to steal sensitive information from NATO about military mobilization. Without much intelligence of his own, the distrusted...

Anatole and his wife arrive in Deauville for the special care of their inherited aunt, Caroline. Caroline is also being courted by a doctor and the...

The eccentric characters of a street from the comic designs of Andre Dubout are brought to life with human performers instead of drawings.

An aimless young man is committed to a psychiatric hospital by his father in an attempt to cure him of his delinquent tendencies.

In the early 1950s, the popular radio show "La Kermesse aux Étoiles", hosted by the famous Jean Nohain, mixing lottery games and performances...

Elvire, Nathalie and Christine, three young ladies with a proven track record, are called in by the Secret Service to retrieve coveted papers...

When Nathalie, a shoe seller, is abducted, her mother Flora wastes no time taking matters into her own hands. Reluctant to call in the police, she...

A singer tries to rescue a man drawn into the drug trade.

"In Serieux comme le plaisir, two men and a woman live quite happily together in a romantic liaison. The woman is probably wealthy anyway, so the...

"Menaces" deals with the months before WW2 in a hotel :t he fear of the impending war never leaves the guests of an hotel in Paris.

Gabriel Pelletier, sales manager for a major industrial firm, would be the happiest of men if he didn't have a family of rare originality. The day...

A French novelist passes off an African shepherdess as a princess.

Lionel Fribourg, a great composer (at least that's what he thinks) has a problem with his noisy environment: he can't complete his unfinished...

Paul Blanc runs a butcher's shop with his Neapolitan wife, the vivacious Giulia. One night, thanks to sleeping pills received from his brother in...

Simon's life is troubled by images of a crime which happened in his family a hundred years ago. While traveling in south France, he finds the...

Pierre Gilieth has committed a murder in Paris. He flees to Barcelona, where he runs out of money. So he joins the Spanish Foreign Legion. He meets...

A greedy advertising executive wants to attract the tourists into a small village:he claims Napoleon slept in the local inn on his was back from Elbe...

Noël Rambert is overwhelmed by fate. Marthe, his wife, has left him. His son, little Jacques, sickly and touching, has psychic gifts. Life is...

Régine was married to Léon. She is currently engaged to Daniel, but still has feelings for Maurice. Young Georgette would like to find...

He was nicknamed Gueule d'ange (Angel's Face) because of his good looks, which enabled him to make a certain amount of money from wealthy ladies....

Marie-Thérèse is firmly involved in a charity dedicated to the rehabilitation of prostitutes. She approaches Marcelle who, for the love...

The daughter of a seamstress, Jeanne Bécu could hardly imagine she would later become one of the most influential women of the Kingdom of...

Thérèse, who has come from the city, has married the sad Louis Raboux, a violent peasant who dies under unclear circumstances....

A horrific and, on the face of it, incomprehensible murder has just been committed on the unsympathetic person of a loan shark. The victim's body is...

A terminally ill Mr. Bard, a casino bus driver forced to quit his job, miraculously wins a fortune playing roulette. Instantly becoming a...

Three sketches that all start in the police station, where Léa, La Pintade and the brigadier himself tell their little stories. The story of...

La Hurlette and Carmen are a pair of philosophical tramps who enjoy simple pleasures in the company of the cheerful Sosthène. As in the fairy...

Peter Simon, a famous American writer, deserts his girlfriend Eva to live incognito at a small Normandy inn. Eva shams her own murder for revenge....

Working for a stock-car team, Robert dreams of becoming a racing driver himself. For a long time this is only a pipe dream until one day fortune...

Barbara Van Looren is the lively, clever daughter of the well-known shipowner. For her, life is a breeze, even when she's kidnapped by Mike Cortez's...

Sophie Mallet is the lively manager of a detective agency, assisted by Emile Gachit, her conscientious but not very effective right-hand man. One day...

A legionnaire, Georges, promised his friend, who died of a snake-bite, to marry Catherine, the girl with whom he had a child. Back in France, the...

A young garage owner, Henri, whose business is not going well, fixes the lovely Gloria's car on the road. She suggests he let part of his garage to...

Rejecting the union of her daughter Brigitte with a modest worker, Madame Magnin invents an adultery for the lover, then introduces Brigitte to a...

Because he dishonored the daughter of a mafia boss, Ernesto must leave Rome and take shelter with his uncle in Paris. There, he thinks of only one...

Five unemployed workers win 100,000 Francs in the national lottery. Instead of sharing the money, they buy a ruin and build an open-air cafe. But...

André Laroche, an industrialist, has just passed away. Face to his grave, as he is being buried, Anne de Vierne, the wife of a magistrate,...

Marc, a motorcycle brigadier, is engaged to the charming Véronique. But his future brother-in-law, the clumsy Roger, leader of a Sunday...

On this beautiful May 1st, Thérèse is about to give birth. Their presence at home is undesirable, so Jean, her husband, decides to take...

Catherine Langeac and André Foucaud are a medical couple, she a general practitioner and he a gynecologist. Their attentiveness and...

Charles Fouquet, the Minister of Family Affairs, is having a hard time. His wife Olympe, although not that young, is expecting a baby. His daughter...

A dying man entrusts 25 million to a young girl's care, but she's afraid of being suspected of theft.

Justin, a lyricist by trade, and his friend Pierre, a composer, lead a bohemian life in Paris. Justin thinks his mother Josefa is richer than she...

A talented but crazy painter, Elvire Mercier agrees to sell one of her canvases to Pierre Leroy, a rich heir. But after a string of...

Lucrèce, a famous actress, is bothered first, then flattered by the passionate testimonies of love given to her by François, a 12th...

Widowed at the age of twenty, Madame Boissière is a real mother hen, excessively brooding over her two sons Robert and Claude. She spoiled the...

Bryant, an American, arrives at the Gare de Lyon after serving a sentence of hard labor at the Baumettes prison for stealing gems (which,...

Peter is commissioned by William to rob an Amsterdam bank. He wants to find out who li is working for. With the help of Corinne, a young prostitute,...

A young duke marries a girl, also penniless, and moves into a bus left him by an uncle, with their ten children. At last he finds the bus is made of...

A man and a woman arrive in a cafe-hotel near the Belgian frontier. The customers recognize the man from the police's description: his name is Amedee...

To secure her fortune with Monsieur Vaudieu de la Tour, the Machiavellian Claudia kills her lover's elder brother and steals his child. The boy is...

In a chaotic 19th-century Paris teeming with aristocrats, thieves, psychics, and courtesans, theater mime Baptiste is in love with the mysterious...

A couple of comedians attempt (they never agree) to tell the story of how they met and their picturesque careers in the arts. Guy recounts with dark...

Two crooks think up a scheme to get rich at the expense of the vain and excessive Grand Duke.

Monsieur Gentil runs a perfume factory. He is a shy man, bullied by Madame Marthe, the manager, and spurned by Cléo, the young travel agent he...

The umpteenth adaptation of Dumas' novel finds d'Artagnan and his friends promoting the love affairs of Anne of Austria and the Duke of Buckingham,...

The Last Judgement (Italian: Il giudizio universale) is a 1961 commedia all'italiana film by Italian director Vittorio De Sica. It was coproduced...

Breton doctor René Laennec fights tooth and nail against consumption, all the more desperately as his brother Michaud has just died of it.

A very ill little girl having expressed the wish to live until Christmas, the whole neighborhood agrees to anticipate the celebration.

A young man, Robert Dupont, with suicidal tendencies and a bit stupid to boot, is saved by a stranger who pretends to be a well-known banker. This...

Having cured the local café owner, Diogène Leguignon becomes convinced that he is a healer and possesses the fluid. His wife sees the...

Roberto, a 10-year-old boy, is drawn to music. An old organist discovers his gifts, and begins his musical education which will lead him to the head...

Special agent Becker is after a briefcase that rather cleverly disguises some secret documents.

A widow is loved by a doctor whose brother, an ecclesiastic unconsciously in love with the young woman, persuades her to enter a convent. Brought...

Stage actress Marianne has decided to give up her career to marry wealthy nobleman Marquis Antoine de Fontaines. As a wedding present, Antoine gives...

Paris, France. Commissaire Wens is put in charge of the investigation into the murder of one of six friends who, in the past, made a very profitable...

When Emir Feofar Khan, leader of the Tartar hordes, takes up arms and invades the steppes of Eastern Siberia, Czar Alexander II of Russia entrusts...

The renowned theatre manager, Paul Rémy, is accused by his general secretary Andrieux of having killed his partner. On the advice of his wife...

"Easiest Profession" - Tistin is the only unemployed man in Clochemerle. Obliged to use their tax money to keep Tistin alive, the other guys in town...

In this romantic drama, a middle-aged gambler tells a casino croupier her life story. The story is told in flashback and chronicles the woman's...

During the Directory, a handful of royalists tried to get the Dauphin Louis XVII to escape from the Temple.

Madeleine Vernier, a renowned actress, is soon to perform a play written by her second husband, Gilbert Renaud. Her previous husband, Raymond, shows...

A ship, La Circé, has sunk and it might possibly be criminal . The vessel belongs to Storata ,who asks the insurance company for a hundred...

In this French crime drama, a young man gets revenge upon the criminals who caused his grandfather to kill himself. Unfortunately, the fellow doesn't...

At a construction site, an ex-con tries to sabotage the marriage of a man who married his fiancée while he was in prison.

On her way to Paris, Gisèle meets a young motorist who offers to be her guide. Gisèle, suspicious, refuses and disappears. But Pierre...

Arlette thinks she has made a wonderful gift to her daughter Sylvie, who has just married François Morel, a young journalist. And, to tell the...

An off-beat, uneven tale about a man intent on suicide and the three people who try to talk him out of it, Pantalaskas stars American Carl Studer in...

Monsieur Eloy, his wife and their ten-year-old son, Zizi, are off to their country home for the weekend. When they arrive, the two men settle into...

Jean Duclos has extraordinary adventures after taking the train and mistakenly taking the luggage of a young dancer, Lola Wanda. An oil tycoon...

An American manager and his daughter want to hire "the little singers with the wooden cross" for a tour of the United States,but Jeannot,a young...

Kid Marc is an upcoming boxer about to become the European Lightweight Champion, only he discovers his surprising victories had been handled by his...

A building, a landing, two tenants: he, Jacques Loursier, is president of the U.R.A.F (Union and Resistance Anti-Woman); she, Eliane Cahuzac, is...

Adaptation for TV of the play by Friedrich Durrenmatt. A very rich old lady arrives in her nearly bankrupt native village. She is ready to come to...

A bossy count has trouble marrying off any of his six sons. When one of them, Adam, finally makes wedding arrangements, something happens to his...

A little town erupts in turmoil about the construction of a public urinal. The army is sent in to restore order, but the military add to the...

An honest taxi driver gets into trouble by looking for a customer who left her purse full of cash in her vehicle.

Hélène and Aldo Giovanni are a circus trapeze double act and a couple. Aldo is temporarily replaced by former-partner Alexandre when...

Stuck in Angoulême between her uncle, who composes classical music, and her aunt, who is a fan of contemporary music, young Irène finds...

A story of the love of Frou-Frou - an actress and singer in the in the beginning of her career.

Historical film directed and written by Sacha Guitry follows the the history of Paris from its founding through the significant events in the city's...

Miguel foils a bank robbery and becomes a successful nightclub singer, but he doesn't know that his wife is being courted by an Italian fitness...

Jo Guardini, now the peaceful owner of a charming inn by the banks of the River Marne, once was a dreaded gangster. The respectful citizen does not...

Dominique is a pretty, vivacious girl. When she witnesses a car theft, she throws herself and her bicycle under the vehicle. Jacques Mareuil, whom...

At Christmastime, the love affairs of five clothing models working for Pierre Roussel, a renowned Paris fashion designer. Marlène hesitates...

A Lebanese Christian girl of European origin is attracted to a visiting Muslim chief and rides off with him.When her Christian fiance brings her...

The blond cigarette trade is raging in the Mediterranean, pitting the crew of a former naval officer, Ferrer, against a band of pirates led by Lucky...

Juanillo is in love with Dolores, the daughter of the owner of an inn. He likes to sing, she likes dancing. After the village festivals, where...

When her father died, Dominique de Bellocombes inherited her ancestors' château, some worthless shares and a mine in Spain. To save the castle,...

Madeleine Villardier is terribly superstitious, and she's in a lot of trouble for the New Year's Eve party she's planning. Inexorably, the number of...

The aunt of Alfred Puc, a meek tax-collector in Paris, dies while riding in a moving van. The driver, not wishing to be bothered by a police...

Arsène Baudu and Hyacinthe, a pair of small-time crooks, fall prey to Alexandre Larsan-Bellac, who involves them (against their will) in...